Qatar World Cup 2022: This edition of the FIFA WC has drawn quite some controversy even before the tournament kicked off, right when the hosting rights were handed to it 12 years ago. Even now, it is presenting misogyny to the world.
By Sophie King-Hill
One of the fundamental questions relating to the 2022 FIFA World Cup hosted by Qatar is what message this gives to women and girls worldwide. The International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) purports to uphold human rights. Its decision, in 2010, to award the hosting duties for the 2022 tournament to Qatar was not, however, without controversy. In the 12 years since these issues have only intensified. The treatment of migrant workers throughout the run-up to the event has garnered continued attention, as has the way LGBTQ+ rights and women's rights are contravened by local law.
Misogyny, a sexist contempt and hatred of women, aims to keep women in a lower position than men within a patriarchal society, with discrimination against women enshrined in Qatari law, which, among other things, does not criminalise domestic violence or sexual assault misogyny is being beamed through televisions internationally, via the means of the 2022 men's football World Cup.
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Women in Qatar
Qatari law undergirds a profoundly patriarchal system. Sex outside of marriage is banned, and Qatari women can only marry with the permission of a male guardian. This controversial male guardianship system also shapes women's ability to study, drive and travel. Men have the unquestioned right to divorce, yet the grounds on which a woman can apply for divorce are limited. Wives are expected to obey their husbands, and their priority is seen to be homemaking.
Women cannot pass nationality on to their children, as men can, nor can they be their children's primary carer in case of divorce or the death of their husbands. Female beneficiaries only get half of any inheritance their brothers receive. Women are asked to provide proof of marriage to receive sexual health and antenatal care. And they have to abide by a strict dress code.
Crucially, domestic violence and rape are not criminalised. While family law forbids moral or physical assault by husbands against wives, reporting domestic abuse or sexual violence is frowned upon as it disgraces the family. The lack of prosecution for domestic violence and the victim blaming surrounding sexual assault point towards possible risks for any women attending the World Cup. Research shows that women face a heightened risk of sexual assault at any major sports tournament. It also shows, in the UK, the increase in domestic violence around World Cup matches and other big sporting tournaments.
Women at the World Cup
Reports have highlighted that this heightened risk has already resulted in many women not wanting to travel to Qatar for the World Cup. It, in itself, is discriminatory. Those who head for Doha are advised to follow a strict dress code. FIFA's position on this needs to be clarified. It states that people attending matches can wear what they want and must respect local laws. When in public, women in Qatar are expected to cover up. They must forgo tight clothing and not show their cleavage, knees or shoulders, and contravening these rules can result in prison or fines.
Official advice for travellers published by the UK government also covers strict laws against relationships outside marriage. There are multiple cases of visitors being punished for being seen to be in contravention of these laws. In June 2021, a Mexican world cup official reported that she was sexually assaulted. As a result, she was accused of extramarital sex, which is against Qatari laws, rather than being seen as a victim of sexual violence. It witnessed her threatened with imprisonment and 100 lashes.
And, in 2020, 13 Australian women were forcibly removed, at gunpoint, from grounded Qatar Airways planes in Doha. They were then forced to undergo internal examinations without their consent as officials sought to find the mother of a newborn baby who had been found in the airport. This subordination of women is in direct conflict with human rights laws. The United Nations and the European Convention on Human Rights state that any compromise of women's rights contravenes international human rights laws.
Significant progress has been made regarding women's rights worldwide in the last 25 years, not least in football. Women's football has gathered enormous traction of late, particularly with the England women's team winning the European cup. By holding the men's World Cup in Qatar and thereby not sanctioning the lack of progress the country has made in terms of women's rights, the impression given is that these rights are discretionary. However, preventing discrimination and violence against women and girls is never optional. It is not a cultural issue. It is a severe breach of human rights.
(With inputs from PTI)