Naval Aviation: The rise of the Indian Navy's aerial power

By Ruchi Singh 

From humble beginnings in 1953, the Indian Navy’s aviation arm has evolved into a critical pillar of India’s maritime power. Over decades, what began as a modest unit has transformed into a force of technological prowess, adaptability, and reach, demonstrating the Navy’s unwavering dedication to defending India’s maritime interests.

Building the Foundations: The Early Years

The journey of Indian Naval Aviation began with the commissioning of INS Garuda in Cochin on May 11, 1953, and the induction of Sealand amphibian aircraft. This modest beginning was marked by the establishment of the Fleet Requirement Unit (FRU), which soon evolved into the Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 550. A further leap came with the formation of the Jet Training Flight in 1958, equipped with Vampire aircraft, providing a foundational platform for advanced fighter training and setting the tone for an ambitious future.

In 1961, the Navy launched its first aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, followed closely by the formation of carrier-borne squadrons like INAS 300 (White Tigers) and INAS 310 (Cobras). These squadrons left an indelible mark during the 1971 Indo-Pak conflict, executing missions that severely impacted enemy operations in the Bay of Bengal, firmly establishing the Indian Navy’s capability to dominate aerial and maritime domains.

Expanding Fighter Capabilities

In the 1980s, the induction of Sea Harrier aircraft revolutionised the Navy’s aerial prowess by introducing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capabilities, giving operators unprecedented flexibility. Later, in 2013, the commissioning of INAS 303 (Black Panthers) armed with MiG-29K fighters bolstered the Navy’s strike capabilities, cementing its role as a central figure in India’s maritime defence.

The Navy’s upcoming acquisition of 26 Rafale M fighter jets from Dassault Aviation marks the latest chapter in its journey. This deal aims to replace the ageing MiG-29K fleet, expanding the aerial capabilities of INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, and positioning the Navy to face contemporary maritime challenges with enhanced precision and power.

Mastering Reconnaissance and Surveillance

Since the 1970s, the Navy has invested significantly in surveillance to protect and monitor India’s vast maritime domain. The induction of the IL-38 and Tu-142M aircraft, along with the establishment of INS Rajali at Arakkonam, was a turning point, extending India’s maritime reconnaissance range and strengthening coastal defences.

Today, the Navy’s P-8I Poseidon fleet, equipped with advanced sensors, weaponry, and communication systems, is pivotal for anti-submarine warfare and intelligence gathering. These aircraft, purpose-built for long-range missions, now form the backbone of India’s maritime surveillance, enabling the Navy to secure regional waters and deter potential threats.

Strengthening Rotary-Wing Power

Helicopters play a vital role in naval aviation, and the Navy’s rotary-wing assets began with the acquisition of Sea King helicopters in 1971, enhancing anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and search-and-rescue capabilities. The induction of Kamov Ka-31 helicopters in 2004 provided airborne early warning capabilities, reinforcing the Navy’s fleet defence operations.

The Navy’s acquisition of 24 MH-60R Seahawk helicopters from the United States is set to elevate ASW and anti-surface warfare abilities further, equipping the fleet with sophisticated technology to counter a wide range of maritime threats.

Embracing Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

In 2006, the Navy’s first UAV squadron, INAS 342, became operational, deploying Searcher and Heron UAVs that have since augmented intelligence and reconnaissance capabilities across Indian waters. These systems reflect the Navy’s early adoption of unmanned technology, helping it adapt to the demands of modern warfare.

The recent acquisition of 31 MQ-9B drones from the U.S., including 15 for the Navy, marks a strategic leap. Equipped with Hellfire missiles and precision-guided bombs, these drones not only strengthen India’s surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities but also enhance its strike potential, showcasing the Navy’s shift towards sophisticated, unmanned warfare capabilities.

Expanding Operational Reach Through Strategic Bases

India’s geographic advantage is further leveraged through its network of naval air stations, including INS Hansa in Goa, INS Dega in Visakhapatnam, and INS Baaz in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These bases serve as strategic hubs, providing logistical support for naval aviation and enabling the Indian Navy to safeguard the country’s vast maritime zones.

A Vision for Self-Reliance and Future Dominance

With a fleet comprising approximately 220 aircraft and a dedicated force of officers and personnel, Indian Naval Aviation is poised to achieve new milestones in maritime dominance. The Navy’s indigenisation efforts, exemplified by the Naval Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), underscore its commitment to self-reliance and technological advancement. Initially conceived as a trainer, the LCA is evolving into a multi-role platform, marking significant progress in India’s defence technology sector.

As the Navy looks to the future, its continued focus on technological modernisation—integrating advanced fighter jets, versatile helicopters, and cutting-edge UAVs—positions it to play an even greater role in safeguarding India’s maritime interests. By blending indigenisation with global collaborations, the Indian Navy is steadfastly advancing its mission to secure regional stability and demonstrate India’s growing stature as a naval power.

The Indian Navy’s aviation arm has come a long way, transforming from a fledgling unit into a force to be reckoned with. As it embraces advanced technologies and platforms, Naval Aviation remains committed to ensuring India’s maritime security, embodying a legacy of resilience, growth, and strategic foresight. This evolution is more than a testament to India’s defence capabilities; it’s a beacon of India’s aspirations on the global stage.

Ruchi Singh is a seasoned journalist specialising in defence, security, foreign affairs, and aerospace. With a distinguished career at leading news channels such as TV Today Network, India News, News24, and Zee News, she has become a trusted voice in the industry. As a producer and analyst, Ruchi delivers incisive and impactful stories that resonate with both audiences and policymakers. Follow her insights on Twitter: @RuchiSinghNews.